Arman Process Journal (APJ)

Abstract Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) represent a new generation of digital money, created and supported under the authority of central banks. This cutting-edge technology, with its potential to bring transformative changes to traditional payment infrastructures and to revolutionize global payment systems, has captured the attention of researchers and financial industry professionals alike.

This study examines the challenges and opportunities associated with CBDCs during the 2018–2024 period. To this end, a systematic search was conducted across eight reputable academic databases, resulting in the identification of 62 relevant articles. After applying screening criteria, 53 articles were selected for final analysis and for the development of this review paper.

An analysis of these articles reveals a significant increase in interest in CBDCs in recent years. Central banks around the globe are actively exploring or piloting their own digital currency projects. The potential benefits of CBDCs include enhanced efficiency and inclusivity in payments, strengthened financial stability, and innovation in financial services. However, challenges such as privacy concerns, cybersecurity risks, and the potential for misuse also persist. Consequently, further research and comprehensive regulatory frameworks are essential to fully understand and manage the benefits and risks of CBDCs.

Abstract The rapid expansion of the Internet and the cost-effective growth of key technologies enable it to revolutionize information technology and create unprecedented opportunities for the development of large-scale distributed applications. At the same time, there is a growing concern about the security of web-based businesses, which are rapidly proliferating on the Internet. Implementing electronic business systems and entering the field of electronic commerce are technical and social solutions to facilitate communication and easy access to information. But the increase of business dependence on information systems has resulted in damages, threats and technical and non-technical measures to violate the principles of business information security, which is the main challenge and problem of organizations and the subject of this article. To achieve dynamic e-businesses, we must implement security in it under fundamental frameworks so that we can use it as a sustainable example of business. A correct understanding of security risks and risks, especially the risks that exist in the executive frameworks of electronic businesses, help a lot in the design and architecture of a safe and efficient infrastructure. In this article, we are going to examine the security aspects of electronic businesses.

Abstract Blockchain is a revolution in the field of information and communication technology, which was able to create outstanding developments in technology and the daily life of users and affect the internet payment process, by its benefits and applications. Investing in digital currencies has always been associated with a lot of risk due to the fact that their use is separate from the real world. Recently, this risk was largely covered by smart contracts. But the reality is that a smart contract without the use of strong information management systems like Oracle is often worthless. For the global adoption of blockchains, a reliable mechanism that facilitates communication between smart contracts and the outside world is critical. Without blockchain-based oracles, smart contracts are forced to rely solely on in-network information, which significantly limits their capabilities. Decentralized oracles have the potential to create security mechanisms that remove many systemic risks from the blockchain ecosystem. Blockchain oracles are one of the most important elements that make up the blocks, which operate with a safe, reliable function and without the need for mutual trust, to improve the blockchain ecosystem. In this article, we examined the application of Oracle architecture in the management of data structures in the field of blockchain.

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are revolutionizing the healthcare industry. These networks use wireless sensors to collect and analyze health data. This innovative technology offers numerous benefits for increasing efficiency and reducing costs in healthcare. Using Wireless sensor networks, doctors and nurses can receive patient's biological profile data in real time. In this paper, we propose a smart healthcare system based on advanced Wireless sensor networks. This smart system targets the residents' lives to benefit from remote healthcare with continuous monitoring, and greatly improve the conditions of healthcare and medical care, reduce treatment costs, and help prevent diseases. We have currently investigated the objectives, benefits, status, and existing challenges in this paper.This smart system targets the residents' lives to benefit from remote healthcare with continuous monitoring, and greatly improve the conditions of healthcare and medical care, reduce treatment costs, and help prevent diseases. We have currently investigated the objectives, benefits, status, and existing challenges in this paper.

Abstract Eye tracking technology records the location, duration and sequence of people’s visual fixations when they inspect a given scene. In this way, it elucidates what people pay attention to when they look at sources of information. The present paper investigates some practical implications of this technology for attentional training in applied sport psychology. Following a brief overview of eye movements, the article describes three popular types of eye trackers in sport psychology fixed, mobile, and head-mounted systems. Then, it examines some recent eye tracking research on improving athletes’ gaze behavior and skilled performance. After that, it summarize the practical implications of these studies for attentional training in applied sport psychology. The article concludes by exploring how eye tracking technology can augment cognitive training in sport.

Abstract Security is one of the biggest chalenge in the world of information and communication technology and distributed network services. security is a set of policies, surveys, methods, and technologies that work together to protect distributed network services, systems, data and information. In modern network environments, resources stored on cloud servers are transmitted to users over the network in the form of data streams. Although this new technology offers many benefits to users and organizations, it also faces important barriers such as security and privacy, which are among the most important challenges in this area. Given the real-time and ubiquitous needs of distributed services, how to design a low-risk transfer model to ensure service security becomes a key issue. Due to the importance of this issue, to address such security threats and threats in the field of distributed services, various security solutions have been proposed by researchers so far. In order to deeply understand the dimensions of the issue, this article examines solutions to control secure access in distribution network services.

Abstract Recently, the distributed internet applications under the scalable networks are growing rapidly, so the need to protect and secure such applications has also increased. Encryption algorithms are vital in today's cyber world, where there is always the risk of unauthorized access to all types of data. The most sensitive and vulnerable data is financial and payment system data, which can compromise personal identification information or customer payment card details and other personal information. Cryptographic algorithms are critical to protecting this information and reducing the risks that business face in conducting payment transactions. In fact, cryptographic algorithms play a major role in the information security of systems and the production of digital signatures. Existing digital signatures are often based on cryptographic algorithms and lead to the recognition of electronic information so that the identity of the author of the document and the comprehensiveness of its information can be reviewed and controlled. In this article, in addition to defining and classifying common cryptographic algorithms, we try to make a comparison on power and effectiveness of applicable algorithms in this area. This review and comparison can lead to improved functions and improved approaches to using these algorithms.

Abstract Software quality engineering is the process of conducting quality reviews throughout the software product life cycle. This activity plays a key role in ensuring the production of high quality software by agile teams at high speed. When software quality engineering is integrated into the workflow, it can improve agility, productivity and return on investment. Quality engineering is a process that applies rigorous quality assessments to every stage of product development. This process is done through the analysis, development, management and maintenance of quality assurance protocols and often continues after product delivery. The purpose of this process is to ensure the quality of the software product from the beginning and to minimize potential losses due to defects. In traditional systems, however, quality is only checked in the final stages of production. In comparison, traditional methods are inefficient and can lead to additional costs and labor. To ensure quality throughout the software product life cycle, you must follow the basic steps and standard and key methods of software quality engineering. In this article, we intend to examine the dimensions of this issue and the basic steps and key solutions for software quality engineering.

Abstract One of the most important problems in the world is the increase in costs in the field of health. One of the important research in recent years to reduce these costs is the prediction of diseases. Liver diseases are one of the most serious diseases in the world, because the liver plays a vital role in the human body, and any liver disorder causes serious and irreparable problems in the body. Most liver diseases do not show specific symptoms until advanced stages. Not having symptoms in the early stages may lead to the wrong diagnosis of the disease by many doctors, and this wrong diagnosis can lead to the wrong treatment and prescription of inappropriate medicine, and as a result, the creation of acute and long-term symptoms of this disease or other problems. Therefore, earlier and more accurate diagnosis of liver problems with the help of detailed analysis of the effective features of an automatic medical diagnosis system, for correct treatment and prevention of serious damage to this vital organ, seems necessary. For this purpose, it is necessary to use data mining techniques, machine learning and innovative algorithms to provide an intelligent model for early diagnosis of this disease. Therefore, the aim of this research is to comprehensively investigate liver diseases, methods of diagnosis and prediction of these diseases by machine learning techniques and meta-heuristic algorithms in terms of goals, limitations and capabilities in the field of medicine. The results show that random forest algorithm, fuzzy neural networks and support vector machine find approximate solutions faster than meta-initiative algorithms, and also usually get better results compared to deterministic algorithms. Also, among the datasets of liver diseases, the ILPD dataset is the most widely used in the diagnosis and prediction of liver diseases due to its easier access and the MATLAB tool due to its simplicity and comprehensibility.

Abstract From the beginning of human life, security has been one of the main concerns of human beings. Today, with the expansion of the Internet and networked spaces in our country, the need for security to operate in these virtual spaces is felt more than ever. Fear of destroying moral and social foundations, and lack of psychological and cultural security due to the influx of contaminated and destructive information through the Internet and cyberspace is a logical response, because each society has its own information frameworks. It is natural that any kind of information that breaks these boundaries can endanger the health and security of society. Despite the positive aspects of global networks, the misuse of these computer networks by norm-breakers has endangered national security in various countries. Therefore, the use of various methods and solutions to prevent the penetration of malicious data and the selection of healthy information in these networks is increasing. Fortunately, despite the much hype that makes the World Wide Web and cyberspace uncontrollable, the technology needed to control the network and select healthy information is evolving. In this article, we first get acquainted with topics such as cyber security and cybercrime and its types, then deal with various types of information technologies in general and provide examples of it, and finally with the pathology of security space and information We will address the country and review the challenges and solutions to meet these challenges.

Abstract Distributed databases have evolved dramatically since their inception in the early 1970s. These databases are developed in different geographical locations and are organized by a decentralized database management system, which increases the flexibility and speed of data access. These databases generally provide vital information to their users. Therefore, their security and protection is very important. The security of these databases mainly focuses on information protection and especially user access control. Therefore, this article deals with the principles of security and important policies in the field of access control. Previous access control approaches are mainly limited and centralized and are usually not efficient for distributed applications in new technology platforms. Therefore, according to the necessity of the research, in this article, we investigate a methodological and comprehensive perspective that, by integrating existing access control methods, will provide the ability to make distributed and flexible use effective in distributed spaces.

Abstract Nowadays, due to the complexity of medical decisions, the use of intelligent information systems and decision support to support these decisions has increased in various operational areas. Meanwhile, the role of intelligent and decision support systems in helping doctors and the field of medical sciences and medical engineering is prominent. Equipping medical science with smart tools in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases can reduce the mistakes of doctors and the loss of life and money and create countless achievements. In this article, the applications and capabilities of these systems in medical sciences have been investigated and the most important challenges of using these systems have been discussed. Also, in this article, the applications of neural networks in the medical field have been investigated. We have tried to make the article useful both for artificial intelligence researchers and for medicine.

Abstract Background and Objectives: In recent years, the use of deep learning methods to analyze electroencephalogram and physiological signals for emotion recognition has attracted the attention of many researchers and scholars. However, the lack of expertise in extracting features from electroencephalogram signals and classifying emotions based on these signals is considered one of the main challenges of this discussion.
Methods: In this study, signal-to-image conversion will be used to prepare input data for a pre-trained network. The innovation of the research is in how to prepare the input data to the pre-trained network. The innovation of the proposed method is also the conversion of signal to image as input features to the learning model in the recorded data for emotion recognition. Also, a hybrid architecture based on VGG-16 network and fuzzy layer is used to optimally solve the problem and increase the emotion recognition rate.
Findings: Given the problems and limitations of data collection and the sensitivity of electroencephalogram data to environmental noise and similar problems, recording electroencephalogram signals in an isolated environment is required. Considering the above, it is better to use a dataset whose accuracy has been previously confirmed by researchers and scholars. In this article, the public DEAP dataset was used for research and hypothesis testing.
Conclusion: By examining the results of implementing the proposed method, the emotion recognition rate shows an accuracy of 90.89 percent.

Abstract Today, the growth of technologies in the field of information and communication technology has caused a sharp increase in the commercial competition of organizations and has opened doors to global markets. With their presence in knowledge-based technology bases and the development of their presence on the web, companies have been able to place themselves beyond or at the same level as their competitors. There are several components and reasons that prove why having a virtual collection on the web is becoming a more important and valuable tool for reaching global markets day by day. In this regard, electronic marketing is the approach of using information and programs that are used to plan and implement the concepts, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods and services, and it leads to transactions that provide individual and organizational goals effectively and purposefully. Nowadays, electronic marketing has become a strategic requirement, apart from being an option. Due to the necessity of investigating this issue, in this article, we discuss the process, milestones, achievements and opportunities in the field of electronic marketing.

Abstract In the 20th century, the collection, processing and distribution of information has been transformed by the use of distribution networks and related new approaches, and among other developments, we have seen the launch and development of various global distribution networks, the production and growth of the computer industry, and the launch of satellites. We have been in communication.
With technological advancements, these achievements are converging and the differences between the approaches to collecting, transmitting, storing and processing information are rapidly disappearing, and basically, with the increase in the power of collecting, processing and distributing information, the demand for more complex information processing in The environment of distributed networks increases. In order to communicate between nodes in networks, we need a backbone called routing approaches in distributed networks. These functions are basically composed of a large number of routers, they have the task of transmitting information. Algorithms should be implemented on these routers so that they can choose the best path for information transfer in this global village. In this article, we are going to review and analyze the practical views of routing in distributed networks and related general algorithms.

Abstract The portable video-on-demand system is a video compression system for transmitting video in a wireless network, it is sent in smaller packets and uses Wi-Fi and Bluetooth standards to connect to mobile devices and tablets at any time and place. There is a method for transmitting video in a portable wireless network. Here, we use the VQ pyramid decoding method, a video compression method that we used to transmit video in wireless networks with limited bandwidth. This method is able to reduce the amount of data and preserve In this method, the video quality is divided into two small frames. This algorithm uses a set of quantized codes to select the closest code to each block of the frame, and then this code is used as a representative of the block in the frame. The method instead of transmitting all the block information, only the block representative code information is transmitted, which reduces the data volume. In fact, VQ pyramid decoding is an efficient method for video compression and transmission in wireless networks, which reduces the data volume and maintains the video quality. It provides the possibility of transmitting and watching high-quality video in a network with limited bandwidth. Overall, literature reviews in this field analyze and examine these techniques and their applications for optimizing video systems, and they aim to find the best methods for compressing videos with high quality at low bit rates.

Abstract Cloud computing is a leading paradigm in the era of information and communication technology to provide the shared and cost-effective hardware, middleware and software resources and related services. This paradigm is the best model for easy access to set of shared computing resources such as networks, servers, storage devices and so on. Related services are available at any time and place, according to the user's request and users can easily use this services by connecting to a physical or logical server over the Internet. In this research, an attempt is made to examine the important and fundamental dimensions of this paradigm and related details. In this study, we also examined the important solutions of the virtualization technology, which is one of the emerging techniques in the world of information and communication technology, as a basis for building the suitable and cost-effective infrastructures of a cloud environments. Applying virtualization in cloud computing is a knowledge and technique that can be used to overcome many problems and obstacles in the field of emerging information technologies and pave the way for sustainable development and creating the right conditions for business to the best.

Abstract Today, distributed systems are used in providing most technology-oriented services of the digital era. With the addition of complex layers, creating complex execution structures, it is necessary to move towards hardware accelerators. But due to the limited resources in this type of accelerators, efforts should be made to improve hardware resources, delay and maintain memory efficiency. Implementing computational tasks in hardware to reduce latency and increase efficiency is known as hardware acceleration. A hardware accelerator is the use of specially designed computer hardware to perform certain functions more efficiently than software running on a general processor. Any data changes or routines that can be computed can be developed solely in software running on a general-purpose processor, solely in custom hardware, or in some cases a combination. In this way, operations can be programmed faster in special hardware and performed on a general computer processor. This approach has advantages and disadvantages. In this article, we intend to introduce the approach of using hardware accelerators in order to increase efficiency in distributed systems and examine the perceived advantages and disadvantages.

Abstract In recent decades, the functionality of the world of information and communication technology has been growing and changing rapidly. Nowadays, there are innovations that previously were unimaginable. One of these innovations is Metavars, a unique, immersive virtual environment that is rapidly gaining ground over the Internet. With the ever-increasing virtual reality and augmented reality, meta-versions are penetrating the Internet. With recent advances in technology, traditional marketing methods are no longer sufficient and meet the needs of modern business. Marketing practices are changing and they need to adapt to the new world. Metavars marketing business provides an opportunity to enter the global technology-driven market. Metavars for digital marketing enhances the functionality and interaction of the audience. In fact, Metavars is a new technology-driven marketing platform that brings many benefits. In this article, we examine the dimensions, benefits and challenges of technology-driven marketing in Metavars.

Abstract Nowadays, paying attention to the special position of educational systems in the technology-oriented world and their role in social changes and especially recent technological developments has caused comparative education in many countries to become one of the most dynamic scientific fields that politicians, scientists in the fields of Various humanities and practitioners and educational planners will be transformed. The knowledge of comparative education in most countries today is a comprehensive and extensive knowledge and it is one of the branches of education knowledge that studies the different education systems of countries, the similarities and differences between the factors of these education systems. to compare and compare existing ones to the degree of evolution. Comparative education refers to knowledge whose subject is identifying, analyzing and comparing the similarities and differences of the educational phenomenon within an educational system or between the education systems of different countries in the world according to social, religious, economic and Political is effective in their formation and emergence. Comparative education is a new name for a new science that has entered the ranks of independent human education today, but like other branches of science, it has a very old and ancient history. The evolution of the world's educational systems shows that in order to realize this, most of the leading countries have benefited from comparative studies and researches in the field of education and they mention it as a necessary condition for the design of their modern educational systems and the necessity of such studies Before taking any comprehensive educational reforms, they emphasize to meet their growing economic, cultural and technical needs. The purpose of this research is to present the approach of developing comparative education in Iran based on technological perspectives.

Abstract The instantaneous increase in users and their need for internet services caused that, in a short time, the companies that provided this type of service faced problems such as the inability to respond quickly to users and the increase in their costs. Therefore, many of these companies, with a lot of investments in research fields, thought of effective and cost-effective ways to serve a high volume of users, and in this way, new technology and an efficiency system called cloud computing were created. With the increase in users using cloud computing services and therefore the increase in the number of requests, in order to achieve the mentioned benefits, there is a need to establish appropriate mechanisms for load balancing, work scheduling and virtualization. Sazi is in cloud computing. This load can include memory capacity, network load or delay. Load balancing is the process of distributing load among different nodes of a distributed system in order to improve the utilization of resources and response time, while it is a situation in which some nodes have a heavy load while the node Others avoid being unemployed or having very little work to do. Considering the necessity and importance of load balancing in cloud computing, in this article, a comprehensive review of static, dynamic and nature-inspired algorithms for load balancing in a cloud space to handle the response time of data centers and their overall performance is given. We pay by analyzing the load balancing algorithms. We show that the ant colony algorithm, the genetic algorithm and the particle swarm optimization algorithm with optimal allocation of tasks can play a more effective role in balancing the load in the cloud space. Also, the results show that CloudSim software has been used the most in simulating load balancing algorithms in the cloud space.

Abstract With advancements in electronics technology, the need for faster processing and data storage has increased. As the scaling of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technology has progressed, the industry has faced various challenges, including increased short-circuit effects, reduced gate control, exponential leakage current, and power dissipation. Field-effect transistors made from carbon nanotubes are a suitable replacement for MOSFETs. 4-to-2 compressors are among the most popular bit compression cells that are widely used in multiplication or multi-operand addition. Their most important function is to increase the performance and efficiency of multiplication compression calculations. After examining twelve different 4-to-2 compressor designs from various research papers, this article presents a novel 4-to-2 compressor architecture utilizing modified logical relationships and carbon nanotube technology. The proposed 4-to-2 compressor and other designs from the literature have been implemented using the HSPICE simulation software. The proposed design and the previous compressors have been compared in terms of power consumption, delay, transistor count, and accuracy. Simulation results demonstrate that the new compressor architecture achieves a 25% reduction in power consumption, an 18% decrease in delay, and a 12% reduction in transistor count compared to the best previous compressor.

Abstract The convergence of emerging technologies, including the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Twins, and Nanomedicine, has opened new opportunities for the development of next-generation intelligent systems for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Despite significant advances in each of these fields, a comprehensive framework integrating these technologies into a unified, self-regulating, and closed-loop therapeutic ecosystem has not yet been established. This review proposes a forward-looking conceptual framework in which molecular data acquired by in vivo nanosensors are transmitted through IoBNT to a Nano-Digital Twin, analyzed using artificial intelligence models, and subsequently utilized to guide intelligent nanodrug delivery systems and therapeutic decision-making.
The principal contribution of this study is the integration of four key technologies IoBNT, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Twins, and Nanomedicine within a multilayer closed-loop therapeutic architecture that enables continuous monitoring, real-time analysis, disease progression prediction, and dynamic personalized treatment optimization. From a qualitative perspective, the proposed framework has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance the specificity of targeted drug delivery, reduce reactive clinical decision-making, and facilitate the transition toward predictive, adaptive, and personalized medicine. From a functional perspective, the proposed architecture integrates five essential capabilities real-time monitoring, intelligent data analytics, disease progression prediction, adaptive nanodrug delivery, and continuous therapeutic feedback within a unified platform, whereas these capabilities have largely been investigated independently in previous studies.
Finally, this review discusses the major scientific, technical, and translational challenges associated with the clinical implementation of the proposed framework and presents a roadmap for the development of next-generation intelligent nanomedicine and precision medicine. The proposed conceptual framework demonstrates that the convergence of these emerging technologies has the potential to transform conventional healthcare into autonomous, intelligent, and data-driven therapeutic systems for future cancer management.

Abstract Nowadays, information systems as the hub of data processing and knowledge management play a vital and extensive role in digital societies. With the increasing development of technologies and the increase in the amount of information related to users and organizations, the security of information systems has become a complex and multi-dimensional challenge. In the field of security management in our information systems, we need a comprehensive understanding of all types of threats and challenges and providing approaches, policies, procedures and resources that are used to prevent security gaps, as well as protecting the system from all types of attacks affecting data and information. to be It is necessary to adopt a coherent and coordinated method to achieve the security processes of data and systems and it is necessary to understand the complexity of this category and provide comprehensive approaches based on its basic principles. Protection of information systems against unauthorized access or change to information, including storage, processing or transmission, and against denial of service to authorized users, is among the necessary measures to identify, document and deal with security threats in this area. According to the importance of the subject in this article, we will investigate the characteristics of security services of information systems in the environment of distributed networks, their importance and existing challenges and we will express effective policies and procedures to increase security in this area.

Abstract Today, with the advent of digital revolution, commercial businesses have changed and their efficiency and profitability increased. Recently, new technologies create innovations that facilitate business processes. Information has become a digital asset and related tools and processes optimize economic functions. The development of the digital economy by using information and communication technologies increases the productivity, innovation, economic growth and reduce unemployment is one of the goals of the international strategies of electronic governments. Under this approach, saving time and cost of doing work leads to improved productivity and has a significant impact on economic growth. On the other side, negotiation is a comprehensive and complex aspect of dynamic interactions and an essential skill that is used in various fields, from business transactions to diplomatic relations and is of critical importance in the field of digital economy. Business negotiations are inherently contradictory. Basically, contradictions in negotiation appear in different forms and create obstacles that, if not paid attention to, can lead to deadlocks or unfavorable agreements. The ability to recognize, understand and skillfully manage these conflicts is critical for negotiators, which seeking favorable and sustainable outcomes. This article deals with the problem of effective management of conflicts in business negotiations in the field of digital economy, strategies for correct identification of conflicts and tools to guide these conflicts. This article also considers the interplay of economic and cultural factors in conflict management. Conducting this research provides the basis for understanding the complexities of conflicting interests and the art required to turn conflicts into opportunities for multilateral trade agreements in the digital economy.